Terrorism An Ongoing Threat - 1778 Words

Terrorism was an ongoing threat. Many places have been attacked by a terrorist group. However, Al Quaeda has been the terrorist group that has caused the most harm to the most places as of 2011. Because of his leadership in Al Qaeda, Osama Bin Laden was wanted in many countries dead or alive. Osama Bin Laden was a Saudi man. Once Bin Laden met the Muslim fundamentalist Sheik Abdullah Azzam, he became intrigued by the religion. Azzam spoke fervently of the need to liberate Islamic nations from foreign interests and interventions, and he indoctrinated his disciples in the strictest tenets of the Muslim faith (Osama Bin Laden 1). Bin Laden, however, was cultivate a brand of militant religious extremism that exceeded his teacher’s. During the Afghan war, Bin Laden forged connections with the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, the militant group linked with the assassination of President Anwar el-Sadat. Under the influence of this group, Bin Laden was persuaded to help expand the jihad and en list as many Muslims as possible to rebel against so-called infidel regimes. In 1988, he and the Egyptians founded Al Qaeda. Al Qaeda became known as a radical Islamic group with Bin Laden at the helm, and with the United States as the key target. The Islamic fundamentalist leader, a harsh critic of the United States of America policies, was widely believed to have orchestrated the 1998 bombings of two United States of America embassies in East Africa, as well as the October 2000 attack on the USSShow MoreRelated9/11 and the Ongoing Threat of Terrorism829 Words   |  3 Pagesresponse to the attack, the United States launched a global War on Terrorism, invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban region (who had harbored al-Qaeda), enacted the US Patriot Act, and formulated a policy to rid the Middle East of terrorist or terror-sponsored States. After the 9/11 attacks, U.S. security policy received myopic scrutiny and there were a number of changes made so that America could anticipa te and prevent acts of terrorism. A new Cabinet Level Department was formed, Homeland SecurityRead MoreFuture Of Terrorism And Its Future Prospects Within Pakistan1598 Words   |  7 PagesFUTURE OF TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN 1. The threat of terrorism which existed prior to 9/11 got accentuated and transformed into a potent, dynamic and multi-dimensional phenomenon. As of today, few countries in the world are threatened by such diverse forms and manifestations of terrorism as we are; both in the present and futuristic context. There are external influences and there are internal dissentions. While the vested interests of the regional and global players denote one facet, the socio-politicalRead MoreHomeland Security And Homeland Terrorism1206 Words   |  5 Pagesspecific definition. Homeland Security â€Å"Homeland security is focused on terrorism in the United States†¦Terrorists can be U.S. citizens or foreigners, acting in concert with others, on their own, or on behalf of a hostile state.† (Goss, 2006). The previous statement, according to Thomas Goss, was intended to provide a simple and vivid description of homeland security. The key words within the statement are â€Å"focused on terrorism in the United States†. Homeland security is responsible for ensuring theRead MoreThe 2016 Olympic Games1576 Words   |  7 Pagesviolence the government will need to have the support of its integrated anti-terrorism centre and its security operations. During the Olympic games, no fly zones, security perimeters and mobile phone blocking technology will be offered as additional protection during the games. These means of additional protection methods are put into place to aid in the event of an attack or if a threat arises. However, due to the ongoing regression Rio de Janeiro’s state budget for the Olympic games has fallenRead MoreAnalysis Of David Rapoport s Theory Of The Waves Of Terrorism1744 Words   |  7 Pagesterrorist attack on U.S. soil. As well as this, it became evident that there are new tactics available for individuals wanting to threaten the superpower. In enhancing the understanding of these new tactics, David Rapoport’s theory of the ‘Waves of Terrorism’ will be explored. While it is argued that 9/11 was an epiphenomenon because of the longstanding process and complexity of world politics (Caroline Kennedy-Pipe and Nicholar Rengger 2006), this essay will subvert this perspective. Instead , it willRead MoreTerrorism And The Threat Of Terrorism1014 Words   |  5 PagesTerrorism has continuously been an ongoing danger all over the world. Threats pertaining to international security seem to be loosely organized and self-financed groups or the extremist Islamist parties using religion as a pretext that pose threats to the U.S. and other allies. However, while most see terrorism as being international, domestic radicalism has become an ever increasing problem, specifically within the United States. Cross national links between specific terrorists groups are becomingRead MoreTerrorism : A Common Definition Of Terrorism972 Words   |  4 Pages Most of the countries around the world call the terrorism a common enemy, but there is not a common definition of terrorism. There is not any significant unified goal and objective among the states against them, but they have their collective and shared goals. They are against the peace, stability, and development and they want to kill, destroy and spread fear. They misuse and misinterprets any faith in their favor and they try to mix terrorism with the religious ideology. And they support eachRead MoreTerrorism And The Acts Of Terrorists867 Words   |  4 PagesTerrorism and the acts of terrorists are recognized by few as a new phenomenon, but known by many to be an old phenomenon. Terrorism has existed for decades and continues to thrive today. There are many definitions that were created to define terrorism and a terrorist act; however, the definitions are not one in the same. Essentially the definitions vary, and that depends on the person or organization providing the definiti on. The one often used or recognized is â€Å"terrorism is the use or threat ofRead More Challenges for US Counter-terrorism Efforts Essay1231 Words   |  5 PagesChallenges for US Counter-terrorism Efforts    As a direct consequence of September 11, a number of substantial challenges lie ahead in the area of counter-terrorism..  Ã‚   The most prominent of these is the changing nature of the terrorism phenomenon.   In past years, when terrorism was largely the product of direct state sponsorship, policymakers were able to diminish prospects for the United States becoming a target using a combination of diplomatic and military instruments to deter potentialRead MoreTerrorism in the US959 Words   |  4 PagesTerrorism is one the most serious hazards to U.S. national interests. Policy makers have used an array of options over the past thirty years to counter terrorism. Counter tactics like strategic planning both political and diplomatic, economic sanctions, and Local law enforcement efforts. None of the tactics have been more controversial than the use of military force. In Large part this is due to that potential threat of casualties of our U. S service men and women, possible deaths of innocent civilians

Human Resource Management An Organization Essay

Abstract Human resource management plays an intricate role to at every company. The human resource profession has grown rapidly throughout the years creating multiple departments which specialize in specific areas. Categorized as a large corporation, Nestle Purina Petcare Company utilizes all functions of HR management. Having an organized and developed HR team allows the company to function and develop efficiently. There are seven main functions in which human resource management can be categorized. One of the functions is strategy and planning which includes HR effectiveness, metrics, technology, planning, and retention. Equal Opportunity Employer is another function of HR management which deals with the company’s compliance to the EEO law as well as with the creating a diverse environment. Another functions is Staffing which focuses on job analysis, recruiting, and selection for the company. Also, Talent Management and Development is another important function which deals with th e orientation of new employees, the development and succession for current employees, career planning, and performance management. Another one of the HR management functions is Rewards which includes employee compensation, incentives, and benefits. Risk management and worker protection is another function in HR management which includes the health, safety, and security of employees. Lastly, the HR function of Employee Labor Relations which includes employee rights and privacy, HR policies, andShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management : The Management Of An Organization1250 Words   |  5 PagesHuman resource management is the management of an organization to build and maintain the relation between the employee and the organization in order to meet business objectives and employee expectations. The process of hiring and developing employees so that they become more valuable to the organization. Human resource management is the governance of an organization s employee. HRM is sometimes referred to simply as human resource. HRM is the process of recruitment, selection of employee, providingRead MoreHuman Resource Management : The Management Of An Organization980 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resource Management Overview Human Resource Management is the management of an organization’s employees. When a company designates a Human Resource (HR) department, those in HR are the ones responsible for overseeing the well-being of personnel in the workplace, and focus on how to attract, hire, train, motivate, and maintain employees of the organization. (DeCenzo, Robbins, Verhulst, 2013, p4). According to David S. Bright from the Raj Soin College of Business at Wright State UniversityRead MoreHuman Resource Management And An Organization Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesHuman resource management is a tool in an organization, which focuses on the recruitment, management, and giving direction to the people who work in the organization. Human resource management is a vital component, which deals with issues concerned with people. Such issues include, hiring, performance management, developmental issues, safety, staff welfare, benefits and staff motivation. An organization cannot create a group of profess ional working staff without better human resources (Stewart, Read MoreHuman Resource Management : An Organization1420 Words   |  6 PagesHuman resource management is a term that is often used loosely and is assumed to be common sense, but the people behind good human resource teams know that those accusations are simply not true. HRM is all about how to manage people in the most effective manner in order to produce the best outcome for the company. HRM has many fascists, including recruitment of employees, initial training, hiring, advising employees, developing job descriptions, providing ongoing training to all employees, developingRead MoreHuman Resource Management : An Organization3527 Words   |  15 PagesHUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: Introduction: Human resource management is the all about of recruitment, employee’s selection, providing necessary training and skill development, assessment of employees, and all other factors related to the employees in organization. Human: refers to the skilled and unskilled workforce in the organization Resource: refers to limited availability of scarce Management: refers to the process of coordination of human resource in organization to get the best results is calledRead MoreHuman Resource Management At An Organization1488 Words   |  6 PagesAs a human resource manager, there is a duty to manage workforce productivity. This adds on to the normal workload and responsibility of a human resource manager but is needed for optimizing the return on investment for the organizations’ labor expense. When looking at any organizations’ human resource department the main purpose is its effectiveness both in staff and in business. In order to be effective, most human resource managers first must develop an effective professional. That begins withRead MoreHuman Resource Management : An Organization Essay1429 Words   |  6 PagesHuman resource Management is very important in every organization. It satisfies the needs of man power and creates an atmosphere where all employees can work together to achieve the goals of an organ ization. HRM role is to plan how to recruit right people and give experienced and well trained workforce to organization. It makes plans for training and development of human resource in an organization. The main functions of Human Resource Management in an organization are given below: 1. RecruitmentRead MoreHuman Resource Management : An Organization1524 Words   |  7 Pagestougher competition, Human Resource Management has taken on roles that have intermeshed them with the company as a strategic partner rather than just an individualized operating type system focused on simple tasks. Critical to a corporation’s growth and success is their ability to gain a competitive edge. Superior Human Resource Management assists the organizations fulfill its goals and attain success. This paper will outline why it is essential for Human Resource Management to transform beyond itsRead MoreHuman Resource Management : An Organization Essay1418 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Resource Management As competition increases around the world, leading companies in every business category have recognized that having a quality workforce can help the company gain a competitive advantage in the market. Many companies have started hiring people irrespective of their race, sex, religion, nationality etc. The critical thing for any company is to understand and use potential of their workforce. Building and managing top-quality workforce is not as easy as it may seem. In orderRead MoreHuman Resource Management : An Organization910 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Greer, Youngblood, and Gray (1999), it appears that in today’s business environment, one might argue that human resource management (HR) departments are being questioned to change what is described as their bureaucratic culture and to be customer –oriented, and provide outstanding service. Thus, in order to accomplish this, one might argue that it requires outsourcing in combination with an internal HR focus on a particular organization’s core competencies, particularly when it means Human Resource Management An Organization Essay Human Resource Management As competition increases around the world, leading companies in every business category have recognized that having a quality workforce can help the company gain a competitive advantage in the market. Many companies have started hiring people irrespective of their race, sex, religion, nationality etc. The critical thing for any company is to understand and use potential of their workforce. Building and managing top-quality workforce is not as easy as it may seem. In order to get to this point, a company has to believe that the human resource department is an investment and not a liability. Having a diverse workforce can invite a lot of issues that dent the company’s performance. Human resource management plays a strategic role in managing people, workplace culture and environment. In order to be the best in human resource management an organization has to be the best in planning. The plan that the human resource management develops will come from the company’s master p lan and the strategies have to reflect the company’s priorities. The basic essence of HRM is to concentrate on recruiting, managing, organizational development, safety, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, training. Company Profile Jindal Steel Works (JSW Ltd) The JSW Group is amongst the leading conglomerates in India, with presence across the vital sectors of the Indian economy. With a diverse workforce of over 40,000 individuals, JSW is known to be the â€Å"strategic first mover†Show MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management : The Management Of An Organization1250 Words   |  5 PagesHuman resource management is the management of an organization to build and maintain the relation between the employee and the organization in order to meet business objectives and employee expectations. The process of hiring and developing employees so that they become more valuable to the organization. Human resource management is the governance of an organization s employee. HRM is sometimes referred to simply as human resource. HRM is the process of recruitment, selection of employee, providingRead MoreHuman Resource Management : The Management Of An Organization980 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resource Management Overview Human Resource Management is the management of an organization’s employees. When a company designates a Human Resource (HR) department, those in HR are the ones responsible for overseeing the well-being of personnel in the workplace, and focus on how to attract, hire, train, motivate, and maintain employees of the organization. (DeCenzo, Robbins, Verhulst, 2013, p4). According to David S. Bright from the Raj Soin College of Business at Wright State UniversityRead MoreHuman Resource Management And An Organization Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesHuman resource management is a tool in an organization, which focuses on the recruitment, management, and giving direction to the people who work in the organization. Human resource management is a vital component, which deals with issues concerned with people. Such issues include, hiring, performance management, developmental issues, safety, staff welfare, benefits and staff motivation. An organization cannot create a group of profess ional working staff without better human resources (Stewart, Read MoreHuman Resource Management : An Organization1420 Words   |  6 PagesHuman resource management is a term that is often used loosely and is assumed to be common sense, but the people behind good human resource teams know that those accusations are simply not true. HRM is all about how to manage people in the most effective manner in order to produce the best outcome for the company. HRM has many fascists, including recruitment of employees, initial training, hiring, advising employees, developing job descriptions, providing ongoing training to all employees, developingRead MoreHuman Resource Management : An Organization3527 Words   |  15 PagesHUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: Introduction: Human resource management is the all about of recruitment, employee’s selection, providing necessary training and skill development, assessment of employees, and all other factors related to the employees in organization. Human: refers to the skilled and unskilled workforce in the organization Resource: refers to limited availability of scarce Management: refers to the process of coordination of human resource in organization to get the best results is calledRead MoreHuman Resource Management At An Organization1488 Words   |  6 PagesAs a human resource manager, there is a duty to manage workforce productivity. This adds on to the normal workload and responsibility of a human resource manager but is needed for optimizing the return on investment for the organizations’ labor expense. When looking at any organizations’ human resource department the main purpose is its effectiveness both in staff and in business. In order to be effective, most human resource managers first must develop an effective professional. That begins withRead MoreHuman Resource Management : An Organization Essay1429 Words   |  6 PagesHuman resource Management is very important in every organization. It satisfies the needs of man power and creates an atmosphere where all employees can work together to achieve the goals of an organ ization. HRM role is to plan how to recruit right people and give experienced and well trained workforce to organization. It makes plans for training and development of human resource in an organization. The main functions of Human Resource Management in an organization are given below: 1. RecruitmentRead MoreHuman Resource Management : An Organization1524 Words   |  7 Pagestougher competition, Human Resource Management has taken on roles that have intermeshed them with the company as a strategic partner rather than just an individualized operating type system focused on simple tasks. Critical to a corporation’s growth and success is their ability to gain a competitive edge. Superior Human Resource Management assists the organizations fulfill its goals and attain success. This paper will outline why it is essential for Human Resource Management to transform beyond itsRead MoreHuman Resource Management : An Organization Essay3485 Words   |  14 PagesAbstract Human resource management plays an intricate role to at every company. The human resource profession has grown rapidly throughout the years creating multiple departments which specialize in specific areas. Categorized as a large corporation, Nestle Purina Petcare Company utilizes all functions of HR management. Having an organized and developed HR team allows the company to function and develop efficiently. There are seven main functions in which human resource management can be categorizedRead MoreHuman Resource Management : An Organization910 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Greer, Youngblood, and Gray (1999), it appears that in today’s business environment, one might argue that human resource management (HR) departments are being questioned to change what is described as their bureaucratic culture and to be customer –oriented, and provide outstanding service. Thus, in order to accomplish this, one might argue that it requires outsourcing in combination with an internal HR focus on a particular organization’s core competencies, particularly when it means

A White Girls Burden Free Essays

â€Å"A white girls Burden†, written Amy Finnegan is an article about a social movement, which happened in 2012, this is most commonly referred to as Kony 2012. This movement was started by a group of 3 regular Californian guys who had typical lives who were motivated to started an organization on this situation which is called invisible children, which was first formed in 2003. The video titled â€Å"Kony 2012† is 30 minutes long and quickly made an appearance on many social networks and newspapers across North America, â€Å"sparking wide spread concern about the lords resistance army (LRA) war in central Africa†. We will write a custom essay sample on A White Girls Burden or any similar topic only for you Order Now Finnegan, 2013). Once this video became viral thousands of people became moved about this issue and started to help fundraise thousands of dollars to help the cause from all ages of people. â€Å"Invisible children mobilizes predominantly young, privileged, evangelical Christian, female Americans to participate in a unique form of† non-wave-making activism† (Finnegan, 2013). Aside from fundraising people were also reaching out to all the contacts and sources they had to further raise the awareness of the war in Africa. Soon after the video was released invisible children had already raised 1 million dollars after a week. The founders of the organization â€Å"invisible children† all had faith and were into religion, however they did not want to mix religion and business. Invisible children made a social movement unlike many others, through social medial and non-violent actions. â€Å"Distinct from activism that seeks to make social change by engaging institutions through civil disobedience or public protests, invisible children promotes legal, institutional forms of engagement. † (Finnegan, 2013). Some major events that invisible children has achieved is hosted the largest lobby day ever about an African issue in U. S history, they have also successfully gained several minutes of unscheduled airtime with Oprah to raise awareness about this conflict. In â€Å"less than an year, of the lords resistance army disarmament and northern Uganda recovery act, at a bipartisan piece of legislation that mandated that the Obama administration provide funds for the northern Uganda recovery and transitional Justice initiatives, and eventually send 100 military advisors to the region in October 2011† (Finnegan, 2013). Invisible children have also being contacted by George Clooney, and other popular films like Blood Diamond. However there are 3 ain problems discussed in this article regarding invisible children, firstly the media seemed to misrepresent Uganda and what one knows about it. Secondly, † invisible children also promoted policies that are highly controversial† and lastly † Americans shallow an ill-informed understanding of Africa, and a distorted picture of their own role in social change. † (Finnegan, 2013). Invisible children have focused on gaining the attention on young people because these types of people are the future and are becoming more passionate and involved in stories and issues similar to this concern all around the world. Mobilizing young people to become active on these issues is very important and very effective to changing the world, young people are more socially active online and do participate in other subjects such as invisible children and stopping Joseph Kony. This issue is still going on but has gotten better; problems like this cannot be solved overnight but throughout the past 2 years have made a significant ditterence and will continue to get better. Because ot the generous donations and support a lot has been done regarding this issue and has led others to become aware of different problems, situations, organizations, and groups around the world. How to cite A White Girls Burden, Papers

Business Report Analysis

Question: Prepare a proposal for checking workload that the company has been facing. Answer: Problem statement Computer R Us is company dealing with the manufacturing and retailing of the computer systems. The company has recently launched a repair and service division, Complete Care in the market with the main purpose of repairing and servicing the portable desktops, notebook, and laptops. The division deals in providing a rapid response to the various issues of the customers including the warranty repairs and technical inquire. However, owing to some reasons, the division is having trouble and has been receiving complaints relating to the shortages of the trained technical operators in the telephone center, distribution issues and parts unavailability problems as well. These issues of the company have been creating a negative impact on the perceptions of its customers relating to its customer service standards (Brock et al, 2013). Hence, as a result, a research proposal has been prepared in order to address the issues related to the management system of the company. Purpose of the research The main purpose of the research is to prepare a proposal for checking workload that the company has been facing. As the company is lacking the experts in dealing with the proper functioning of the business activities, it is creating a tremendous pressure on the company to provide its services within the estimated time line. Thus, more and more customers are reluctant to use the services as provided by the company. This situation has led to the generation of stress for both the company and its customers wherein the company has been facing with non-professionalism issues, as it is unable to meet the expectations of its customers. The research study, thus, deals in identifying, evaluating, and illustrating on the issues related to the deterioration of the business performed of the company. The research proposal deals in providing a platform for the company to tackle the issues such that to enhance its business performance in the future (Brudenall, 2015). Research design Rationale of the study The current situation of the company has been shown to remove certain issues related to the relationship with the existing customers. The organisation has been unable to create a healthier relationship with the client base and as a result, it can be found that it is not able to retain its existing clients who are being compelled to complain about the customer service of the company. The situation has been continuously deteriorating the retention of client and is one of the most important issues faced by the organisation. The situation could possibly lead to negative performance of the company if the customer base is reduced. Research model The research model design can be shown by the relationship between the business performance and customer. The model would help the researcher in investigating the value of the services being provided by the business consultants to the customers. According to lvarez, Lpez and Perry (2014), the companies are neglecting the expectations of the existing clients while providing services and are paying more attention towards new customers which has been the main reason behind the degradation of the customer service standards of the companies. Figure 1: Customer satisfaction model Source: Created by author Research approach The research approach deals with the process by which technology related to the research study and gathers some valuable and relevant information about the topic. The approach would be depending on the research variables that are derived from two most effective approaches, which could be implemented in the research study including the deductive and inductive approach (Billig Waterman, 2014). The researcher is required to illustrate the different types of theories, concepts, and models that could be available from the literature of the various researchers. After relating the theories concepts and models with the research topic, the researcher is then, required to correlate the data with the initial concept in order to provide the relevancy of the research study. In this way, the researcher should be able to discuss the reality based outcome for the research process. Inductive research approach deals with the development of new models and theories that could be helpful for conducting research at the end (Pickard, 2012). The researcher needs to identify the issues related to which way to the acquiring of the information in detail to construct news related to the research topic. However, for the conduction of the research process, the researcher would be choosing the deductive research approach as it would be less time consuming and would be cost effective for the conduction of the research process, which includes the illustration of new theories and models (Gast Ledford, 2014). The entire research study needs to follow the theories and models that would have in acquiring useful information such that to provide a framework that could be widely accepted and could be able to create a difference for the organization. Research philosophy The research process should be implementing the Positivism research approach which would be enabling the researcher to gain useful and relevant sources which could be authentic and based on the reality (Ackah-Baidoo, 2012). In this way, the researcher could be getting the opportunity to acquire the most accurate data. Implementation of the Positivism Research approach would also help the researcher to save the amount of time and budget while conducting the research process in order to construct a research study. Research aim The research process aims at checking workload that the company has been facing and providing an efficient solution for the proper functioning of the business activities. The research proposal deals in providing a platform for the company to tackle the issues such that to enhance its business performance in the future. The research study, deals in identifying, evaluating and illustrating on the issues related to the deterioration of the business performance of the company. Research objective The main objective of the research objective would be: To address the issues related to the business processes of the company To find the effectiveness of the Complete Care dividend of the company To evaluate the impact of the issues of the company on the customer satisfaction To improve on the Complete Care program Research questions What is your designation in the company? Are you facing any workload? What are the issues related to the deterioration of the business performance of the company? Is the new Complete Care division performing efficiently? What are the issues, which the division is facing? How do the issues affect the satisfaction of the customers? What measures could be done to eradicate the issues? Sample design The information related to the research topic should be collected from the employees working in the company. The total population of the employees working in the company should be selected as the sample (Agnihotri et al,. 2015). The findings should be obtained from the sample for the analysis and discussion of the information that is to be acquired from the research process. The researcher is thus, required to implement an appropriate unit for the sampling method. The researcher is also required to select the simple random sampling meted for slaying the individuals working in the company such that to provide them with equal opportunity for being selected as a part of the sample. The complete list of the population is to be evaluated for the advection of 100 employees wherefrom a sample of 80 samples should be selected. As the selected respondents are purely based on random sampling, the selection process is ensured to be free from any biasness. After the implementation of the data sampling, the researcher is then, required to collect the information through the implementation of the systematic sampling method. This systematic sampling method is a type of probability sampling where the sample respondents are selected from a large population based on the random starting pint and a fixed periodic individual. The researcher is then required to pick up a random number form the population wherein each n-the individual from the list is selected. The method is simple and should be conducting easily and hence, it should be implemented in the research process. Tools to be used The statistical tools to be used by the researcher for analysing the data being collected during the data collection upon implementing the sampling method are the standard deviation techniques and the bops program. The SPSS is a software package that helps in analysing the statistical data. The information should also be use to create the graphs and tables with the help of the software (Anfara Mertz, 2014). The standard deviation is a measure that could be used for quantifying the amount of variation or dispersion of the provided set of information values (Bayraktar et al. 2012). The information being acquired in the data collection method is said to be close the mean of the set if the standard deviation is close to zero. While, the information is said to be deviating or spread over the values of the standard deviation is higher. Data collection and analysis The data collection process should be involving the acquisition of the valuable information from the sources of the data including both the primary and secondary. The primary data can be collected through the conduction of the surveys, interviews based on the questionnaires being set in the research project (Blocker et al., 2012). The surveys including the questionnaire forms are required to be passed to 80 respondents. The observation should be based on the five grading scale. In addition, the observation would be enabling the researcher in identifying the appropriate strategy for the company to improve its business performance in order to meet with the expectations of its customers. The secondary data could be collected from the existing information as incorporated in the published journals, official statistics, newspaper articles, web information, and academic articles (Bringle et al, 2012). The data can be collected through the implementation of three methods including the surveys, interview, and focus groups. Moreover, the questionnaires are required to be formulated for conducting the research process in order to evaluate the issues of the company that have been creating a negative impact on the perceptions of its customers relating to its customer service standards. The secondary data should be involving the collection of information from the previous researchers being conducted in the customer satisfaction. The articles, case studies, and websites as relevant to the research study would be enabling the researcher in contrasting and comparing the concepts related to the customer satisfaction for the company. Budget and timeline Amount in (USD Budget time line July August September October Total Operating cost 24,000 25,000 24,100 17,900 91,000 Training and trained workers 4000 4000 4000 3000 15,000 Equipment Cost 3000 18,000 17,500 3,500 42,000 Cost 0 Activates Cost 7000 8000 12,000 8000 35,000 Total 38,000 55,000 57,600 32,400 183,000 Table 1: Budget for the research proposal Source: Created by author The costs involved in the conduction of the research proposal include the estimation of the variables involved with the process. These cost variables include the various activities treated to the conduction of the research involving the training costs, equipments costs, and operating costs. The other activates involve the costs related to the purchasing oaf the materials for the conduction of the data collection process. Dummy tables Survey statistics Characteristics Frequency Percentage Gender Male 56 Female 24 56.6 Age 20-29 83 54.6 30-39 11 33.1 40-49 41 12.2 Marital status Married 52 45.4 Unmarried 83 54.6 Qualification Graduate 25 37.7 Post graduate 10 62.7 Job experience 1-5 25 62.7 6-10 13 30.7 11-15 22 6.6 Monthly income 10,000-20,000 63 78.5 21,000-30,000 60 17.9 31,000-40,000 4 1.2 41,000 and above 8 2.4 Nature of Job Permanent 54 46.0 Contractual 81 54.0 Hierarchy level CEO 8 8.5 Managers 23 17.9 Supervisors 30 25.1 Workers 60 39.5 Table 2: Survey statistics related or the research proposal Source: Created by author Is Complete Care division performing efficiently? Count Percentage of Total 1- Strongly disagree 25 31 2- Disagree 19 24 3- Neutral 24 30 4- Agree 11 14 5- Strongly agree 1 1 Total 80 100 Table 3: Dummy table for data analysis Source: Created by author References Ackah-Baidoo, A., (2012). Enclave development and offshore corporate social responsibility: implications for oil-rich sub-Saharan Africa.Resources Policy,37(2), pp.152-159. Agnihotri, R., Dingus, R., Hu, M.Y. Krush, M.T., (2015). Social media: Influencing customer satisfaction in B2B sales.Industrial Marketing Management. lvarez, J.C., Lpez, J.F. Perry;, C.M., (2014), July. Total Quality Customer Satisfaction Model. InCBU International Conference Proceedings(Vol. 2, pp. 1-4). Anfara Jr, V.A. Mertz, N.T. eds., (2014).Theoretical frameworks in qualitative research. Sage Publications. Bayraktar, E., Tatoglu, E., Turkyilmaz, A., Delen, D. Zaim, S., (2012). Measuring the efficiency of customer satisfaction and loyalty for mobile phone brands with DEA.Expert Systems with Applications,39(1), pp.99-106. Benavides-Velasco, C.A., Quintana-Garca, C. Guzmn-Parra, V.F., (2013). Trends in family business research.Small business economics,40(1), pp.41-57. Billig, S.H. Waterman, A.S. eds., (2014).Studying service-learning: Innovations in education research methodology. Routledge. Blake, G.H., (2013). Offshore politics and resources in the Middle East.Change and Development in the Middle East (Routledge Revivals): Essays in Honour of WB Fisher, p.113. Blocker, C.P., Cannon, J.P., Panagopoulos, N.G. Sager, J.K., (2012). The role of the sales force in value creation and appropriation: New directions for research.Journal of Personal Selling Sales Management,32(1), pp.15-27. Bringle, R.G., Hatcher, J.A. Jones, S.G. eds., (2012).International service learning: Conceptual frameworks and research. Stylus Publishing, LLC.. Brock, C., Blut, M., Evanschitzky, H. Kenning, P., (2013). Satisfaction with complaint handling: A replication study on its determinants in a business-to-business context.International journal of research in marketing,30(3), pp.319-322. Brudenall, P. ed., (2015).Technology and offshore outsourcing strategies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Chakravarty, A., Kumar, A. Grewal, R., (2014). Customer Orientation Structure for Internet-Based Business-to-Business Platform Firms.Journal of Marketing,78(5), pp.1-23. Christensen, C.M., Wang, D. van Bever, D., (2013). Consulting on the Cusp of Disruption.Harvard Business Review,91(10), pp.106-114. Gast, D.L. Ledford, J.R., (2014).Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and behavioral sciences. Routledge. Pickard, A., (2012).Research methods in information. Facet publishing.

Teacher Qualification and Student Academic Achievement free essay sample

This study examines whether teacher qualifications are related to student academic achievement, specifically, we examine the relationship between fifth grade student achievement in mathematics and reading and various indicators of teacher qualifications such as teacher certification, teaching experience and teacher’s education level. This research design takes advantage of the National Childhood Longitudinal Study of Kindergarten Class of 1998-19999 (ECLS-K). The analysis indicates that elementary school certification promotes student achievement in both fifth grade mathematics and reading, while teacher’s teaching experience matters more for reading than mathematics. In terms of teacher education, we found no significant effects on increasing students’ test scores. However, our results indicate that students’ race, their parents’ education level, and their socioeconomic status have a larger effect on test scores than teachers’ education, experience, or the general state certification. It took me a long time before I found the right data for this research. Without the guidance of Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Teacher Qualification and Student Academic Achievement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Liza Herzog, Senior Research Associate of the Philadelphia Education Fund, Dr Elizabeth Useem, a Senior Research Consultant at the Research for Action and Dr. Ruth Neild, a Research Scientist at Johns Hopkins University, this would not have been possible. I would like to add a special thanks to Professor Thomas Dee, Associate Professor of Economics and the Director of Public Policy Program at Swarthmore College, who suggested that I look at this particular data set (ECLS-K). I am extremely grateful for his advice, since this project would not have gotten this far without his help. I also thank my advisor Professor Saleha Jilani, who supervised the entirety of the project. Her patience and kindness with me over the months are deeply appreciated. Finally, I want to extend my gratitude to Professor Thomas Vartanian at Bryn Mawr Graduate School of Social Work for his inspiration to study the education inequality in the United States, and also my family and friends for their continuous encouragement during my semester of completing this project. The bill outlined President Bush’s public education reform agenda, proposing the most dramatic changes to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, which has tried to raise the academic performance of all students, since its enactment in 1965. The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) includes significant new accountability measures for all public schools, such as closing the achievement gap between advantaged and disadvantaged students, achieving mathematics and reading proficiency for all students by the 2013-14 school year, providing a highly qualified teacher for every core academic subject, improving communication with arents and making all schools safer for students (Mantel 2005, Four Pillars 2004). To recruit and supply more â€Å"highly qualified teachers†, the law has increased federal funding for teacher training programs, such as the Troops to Teacher program that encourages military veterans to become teachers, the Transition to Teaching program that encourages experienced professional to become teachers, and Teach for America which recruits recent college graduates to teach in disadvantaged schools. Since teachers are arguably the most important education resource, recent interest in teacher labor markets stems in part from the recognition of the importance of teachers and the recognition of substantial differences across schools in the qualifications of teachers. A consistent finding in the research literature is that teachers are important for student learning and that there is great variation in effectiveness across teachers (Aaronson, Barrow and Sander, 2003; Rockoff, 2004; Rivkin, Hanushek and Kain, 2005, Kane, Rockoff and Staiger, 2006). Furthermore, many researchers believe that teacher quality is a key determinant of student achievement, and this has been explicitly acknowledged under the NCLB by requiring every elementary and secondary public school teacher be â€Å"highly qualified†. To be considered â€Å"highly qualified† under the NCLB rubrics, teachers need to have a bachelor degrees and state certification that has not been waived on a temporary or emergency basis. In addition, NCLB also requires these highly qualified teachers to be proficient in the subjects they teach, by having a college major or graduate degree in that particular subject, credits equivalent to a college major, passing a state-developed subject matter test, or having advanced certification. All these definitions of â€Å"high quality† and requirements of teachers reinforce the idea that as we raise standards for all students, we are placing even greater importance on the role of teachers. This research looks at academic gains among students during their elementary education and how their achievement is affected by the different teacher qualities, such as their teaching experience, their level of teaching certifications, their employment status, their education attainment (i. e. receipt of a master’s degree) etc, in addition to the effects of students’ schools and families impact their academic achievements. The two questions is explored in this paper are: * to what extent are fifth grade teacher qualifications associated with their students’ mathematics score? to what extent are fifth grade teacher qualifications associated with their students’ reading scores? This study is organized as follows. The next section provides a brief overview of the relevant literature on teacher quality. Then we discuss our econometric specifications and the ECLS-K data. The following section presents our results and the final section concludes with some discus sion of how these results relate to the prior literature and what they mean for current policies. II. PREVIOUS LITERATURE Kati Haycock, a teacher quality advocate, argues that there is clear evidence that demonstrate how â€Å"teachers have the single greatest effect on student learning† (Huang, Yi, Haycock 2002) since teachers spend a significant amount of time working directly with students. Highly dedicated and qualified teachers are needed to strengthen students’ learning experience and maximize their academic achievement. However, there are also a lot of different studies on teacher qualification that argues otherwise. The following literature review touches upon recent studies of teacher certification, teacher’s teaching experience, teacher’s education degree and assessments for teachers. No doubt, there is an acute need for teachers in high poverty schools in the United States, yet to improve the current programs, there are continuous heated debates on teacher assessments such as whether teacher certification improves students’ performance and whether teacher-intern programs such as Teach for America (TFA) where interns are allocated into poor performing schools and are asked to transform the classroom enhances students’ academic achievements. For TFA Corp members the criticisms tend to fall into two categories: first, is that most TFA teachers have not received traditional teacher training and therefore are not as prepared for the demands of the classroom as are traditionally trained teachers; and second, is that TFA requires only a short-term commitment, only two years of teaching and the majority of Corp members leave at the end of that commitment (Xu, Hannaway, and Taylor, 2007). This contributes to the vicious cycle of low teacher retention rate and enormous spending for training new teachers because the benefits of TFA’s teacher training are lost when TFA teachers leave. There are more than four studies done that included data on TFA and three of them are published in peer-reviewed journals. Looking at these four studies together, which will be discussed individually later, it shows that students of uncertified TFA teachers do significantly less well in both reading and mathematics than those who are new yet certified, and the negative effects in reading are most evident in elementary grades. On the other hand, when TFA teachers obtain training and certification, their students generally do as well as those of other teachers or sometimes better in mathematics. Furthermore, the problem with the retaining TFA teachers was also highlighted in the following studies. In Laczko-Kerr and Berliner’s (2002) study, they compared student achievement for 110 matched pairs of recently hired under-certified and certified elementary teachers from five low-income school districts in Arizona. These elementary teachers were paired up with students who took the mandated state achievement test, which is third grade and above, and were matched within schools and districts. Their study had two findings: first, it indicates students of TFA teachers did not perform significantly different from students of other under-certified teachers; and secondly, they found that students of certified teachers significantly out-performed students of teachers who were under-certified on all three subtests of the SAT-9 – reading, mathematics and language arts. Notably, the effect size favoring the students of certified teachers were substantial. Students of certified teachers outperformed students of under-certified teachers by about three months in reading on a grade equivalent scale, and about three months ahead in both mathematics and language arts. In addition, the study verified traditional programs of teacher preparation result in positive effects on academic achievement of low-income elementary school children. Therefore, concluding that policies allowing under-certified teachers to work with the most difficult to teach children appear harmful. Even though Laczko-Kerr and Berliner’s study did not control for prior year achievement at the individual student level, other studies that included this control also obtained similar findings such as the study by Darling-Hammond, Holtzman, Gatlin and Heilig (2005). They used data from Houston, Texas which has information on more than 132,000 students and 4,400 teachers in grades three to five over six years on six achievement tests: the Texas Assessment of Academic Skills (TAAS), SAT-9, and Aprenda (for Spanish-speaking students) in reading and mathematics. In this study, students’ prior year achievement and demographic characteristics, classroom and school characteristics, and teachers’ experience and degrees were all controlled for and they found that certified teachers consistently produced significantly stronger student achievement gains than uncertified teachers, including Teach for America teachers. These uncertified teachers had significant negative effects on student achievement for five of six tests, with the sixth test showing insignificant but negative effects. Among the five tests showing negative effect of having an uncertified teacher, the study established that uncertified TFA teachers had greater negative effects than other uncertified teachers, by hindering their students’ achievement by one-half month to three months annually compared to a fully certified teacher with the same experience working in similar school. While on a positive note, TFA teachers’ effectiveness improved once they gained certification. TFA teachers who stayed long enough to obtain standard certification did about as well as other similarly experienced certified teachers. In mathematics, TFA students did significantly better than those of other certified teachers on the TAAS test, with no difference in the SAT-9 test but still marginally worse on the Aprenda test. Even though TFA teachers appeared to improve when they became certified in their second or third year, few of them stayed in the district or even continue to teach to exercise their effective teaching. In the third study by Boyd, Grossman, Lankford, Loeb and Wyckoff (2006), they examined how the entry requirements changes the teacher workforce and affect student achievement by analyzing the effectiveness of 3,766 new teachers who entered teaching in grades 4-8 through different pathways in New York City. The study found that, compared to the students of new teachers who graduated from teacher education programs, students of new TFA recruits scored significantly lower in reading / language arts and about the same in mathematics (worse in grades 4-5 and better in grades 6-8). These results were similar to those of other teachers from non-traditional routes, including the New York Teaching Fellows, temporary license holders, and teachers from out-of-the-country. Like the Darling-Hammond et al. (2005) study in the Houston, TFA teachers’ effectiveness generally improved as they became more prepared and certified by the second year of teaching, the negative effects disappeared for elementary math. Unfortunately for reading, TFA teachers continued to exert a significant negative influence on their students’ reading scores. Just as the Houston study, most TFA teachers left after their second year and their retention rate by year three is as low as 27% and by year four only 15 %. This retention rate is about 25 percentage points lower than other non-traditional entrants and 13 percentage points less than college prepared teachers. Using the same database as Boyd and colleagues’ New York City study, Kane, Rockoff and Staiger (2006) compared entrants into New York City schools by different categories of initial pathway and certification status. Similar to the Boyd et al. tudy, this study found that, in math and reading, students of first year teachers from TFA, the NYC Teaching Fellows, and other uncertified teachers did worse than those of first year teachers who were regularly certified. As the authors sort the new teachers into different categories, they included teachers licensed through â€Å"transcript review† and temporary permits in the same group as college-prepared teachers, to mini mize the effect of teacher preparation. Once again, the study demonstrated a reduction or elimination of negative effects in math when teachers finished their training and certification and gained experience. However, in reading, the initially uncertified groups of teachers continued to have a negative effect for all three years (for Teaching Fellows and other uncertified teachers) and for two of the three years (for TFA). As the other studies have shown, TFA has an especially high attrition rate, by the fourth year, only about 10% of TFA recruits stayed in teaching, about 40% of other uncertified teachers remained, about 50% of NYC Teaching Fellows continued, and just below 60% of regular certified teachers kept onto the profession. There is a large number of studies on the relationship between student achievement and teachers’ characteristics, such as teacher experience, preparation, degrees earned, certification, and test scores and we touched upon a few of them in our previous section on teacher quality and qualification. Surprisingly, the majority of studies conclude that teacher education and experience not being strong predictors of teacher effectiveness, as measured by student gains. In the study of Chicago Public School teachers, Aaronson, Barrow, and Sander (2003) found that 90 percent of the variance in teacher effects on student learning was not explained by teacher characteristics, such as highest level of education, experience, credentials, and selectivity of the college that the teacher attended. In addition, there is an unexpected preponderance of evidence that suggests teachers who have completed graduate degrees are not significantly more effective at increasing student learning than those with no more than a bachelor’s degree. Five studies that Rice (2003) reviewed examined student achievement in a wide variety of grades and subject areas, and found that teachers having completed an advanced degree had no significant effect on student performance (Summers and Wolfe, 1977; Link and Ratledge, 1979; Murnane and Phillips, 1981; Harnisch, 1987; Monk, 1994). Clotfelter, Ladd, and Vigdor (2007a) have also found that on average, elementary teachers who had completed master’s degrees were no more or no less effective than others at raising student achievement, other than elementary teachers with master’s degrees. This group of elementary teachers appeared to be less effective, on average, than those without advanced degrees if they earned the degrees more than five years after they started teaching. In terms of the effectiveness of teacher assessment, Margolis (2006) examined the impact of high-stakes assessments, of both K-12 students and new teachers, on teacher development of equitable teaching practices. Through exploring two studies of field experiences in Washington State—one of teacher interns and one of cooperating teachers, Margolis reckons that new teachers were receiving little support in incorporating multiculturalism, cultural responsiveness, and transformative pedagogies into their teaching requirements and that state level policies in response to the No Child Left Behind Act may be decreasing teacher attention to closing the achievement gap. His analysis points out that, in order to hold teachers more accountable, policymakers may want to shift their focus from creating complex assessment guidelines that evaluate teachers’ qualification to develop better teacher-student relationships that promote pedagogical change. III. MODEL Two basic ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions are done to investigate the extent of teacher qualification influences fifth grade student’s grades in both mathematics and reading, controlling for student’s socioeconomic status and school characteristics.

Amazon Inventory Management Essay Example

Amazon Inventory Management Essay Example Amazon Inventory Management Paper Amazon Inventory Management Paper Introduction Launched by Jeff Bezos, the Amazon. com website started in 1995 and is today considered as one of the most prominent retail website on the internet with a record turnover of US$ 14. 87 billion in 2007. Jeff Bezos’s intention was to create an internet based company with the most dedicated product portfolio on the internet where customers could find anything they might want. Amazon’s success is based on technology, services and products (Jens et al. , 2003). Controlling inventory is known to be one of the toughest problems for companies. With 39 million active customer accounts and a vision such as being â€Å"Earth’s biggest selection of product†, Amazon has been putting a lot of effort to be as efficient as possible in their inventory management. The purpose of this report is to understand the evolution of the inventory management of Amazon and how it has affected the company’s growth. This case study is both a practice case and a problem solving case, so the first section of this report focuses on the practices used by Amazon in the 4 stages and then in the second section we will solve the problem regarding their product returns problem and provide recommendations. I-The 4 Stages of Amazon Amazon’s Inventory management can be divided into 4 stages: An initial start with no inventory Built warehouses to store inventory Entered into partnerships with distributors Entered into partnerships with retailers Initially started with no inventory In the first stage Amazon’s main objective was to create a virtual bookshop, where customers could have more choices than any physical bookshop in the world, but also, he did not want to spend time and money on building warehouses and deal with inventory because each warehouse could cost around $50 million dollars. First stage logistic process As shown in figure 1, customers used to order products from Amazon’s website, Amazon then forwards the order to the distributor, who in turn sends the product back to Amazon and finally, Amazon ships the product to the customer. Initially this didn’t look like a bad idea but it wasn’t long till Bezos understood that if he had to build on strong customer satisfaction and needed to have his own inventory. This left him with two choices, either improve information system flow throughout the supply chain or build warehouses to manage its own inventory (Hof, 1999). Built warehouses to store inventory In this stage the objective of Amazon was to build warehouses and gain better control over their Inventory and increase the range of products while reducing their logistics cost (Choen et al. , 2004). Figure 2: Second stage logistic process As show on figure 2, Amazon used to procure items from their distributor and store them in their warehouses. Customer makes an order and Amazon couriers it to them. This helped Amazon to maximise its storage capacity as well as decrease their logistics costs. However Amazon did face a major problem of managing a large inventory along with high warehouse maintenance costs. This left Amazon with two options, either to use its warehouses more effectively by boosting sales or outsource its inventory management. 3. Entered into partnerships with distributors This was a huge risk as Amazon had a very good reputation in providing superior customer service and if this task was outsourced; their hard earned reputation may be damaged (Saunders, 2001). On the other hand Amazon would now be able to concentrate on its core activities by reducing the need for warehouses. Figure 3: Third stage logistic process (Drop-shipment model) This model gave greater flexibility in terms of product range. They could focus their attention on listening to the market in order to be more reactive by discovering products Amazon’s visitors wanted and then being able to rapidly add them to the product list. On the other hand, there was no capital investment and no danger of suddenly having a warehouse full of outdated items. Figure 3 shows how drop shipment works. However, whereas Amazon was planning to extend this model to all other categories, the company started to encounter some problems (Julie et al. , 2004). Since Amazon uses drop-shippers as well as their own warehouses, split shipments became problematic. This reduced overall efficiency as 35% of Amazon orders were of this nature. 4. Entered into partnerships with retailers This led Amazon to enter the fourth stage where they entered into partnerships with other retailers. The process is illustrated in figure 4. Figure 4: Fourth stage logistic process They main benefit of this stage was that Amazon could expand its product categories while cutting cost incurred through shipping and operating their warehouses. Amazon used best practices from eBay to assist them in this stage as shown in figure 5. Figure 5: Best Practices from eBay 5. Further Analysis As we have mentioned above we have analysed and discussed the various stages that Amazon went through in terms of their business strategy, which also affected their logistics management. We identified that Amazon had different motives for modifying their logistics management when moving from one stage to another. When Amazon went from having no inventory to building warehouses, was primarily to grow their business as they wanted to offer a larger range of products to their customers. From there, Amazon then decided to enter into partnerships with distributors. The main motive behind this move was to improve its logistics efficiency. Finally they entered into partnerships with retailers. Again Amazon’s key objective was to grow the company as now they will be able to display the retailer’s products on Amazon’s website, thereby further expanding their product range. After our case study date Amazon has gone on to further increase the variety of products offered and at the same time improving their operations. This has been achieved by taking up the Six Sigma approach to its distribution operations and by applying lean manufacturing and Total Quality Management methodologies to its processes. Amazon now ships to more than 200 countries. Therefore they have begun to use a global trade management solution to provide customers with more information. They have also started to be a drop shipper where Amazon will handle inventory and shipping for other e-businesses. Many years back Amazon would have never thought of doing such an activity as having more inventory meant more costs. However, Jeff Bezos has seen the potential in doing this, as they have the experience and reputation in managing inventory and logistics, which other e-businesses find that hard to ignore. II-Conclusions and Recommendations 1. Conclusions We have learnt some important lessons when it comes to logistics management in e-businesses after considering Amazon’s case. Firstly, flawless logistics and fulfilment are key drivers of customer retention and long-term profitability. Like Amazon, all other e-businesses should get their corporate mind set straight, meaning that they should understand that it’s all about the customer and a positive profit-margin. E-businesses should be able to provide customers with the 3R’s, which are the right product at the right place at the right time. At the same time they have to make a profit. So they key challenge is to be able to deliver both. Other e-businesses should consider outsourcing some of its activities so that they could direct focus towards their core activities. Amazon did this and was able to concentrate on other activities such as marketing its brand. After arriving at the fourth stage Amazon was faced with a major problem regarding their reverse logistics process. This has resulted in frustration among customers due to difficulties in returning a product to Amazon and the handling of returned products by Amazon was not very efficient. This was eating into their profits. Therefore a solution must be developed to tackle this issue. 2. Recommendations Amazon’s reverse logistics procedure is a very long process and required Amazon to allocate a lot of resources to make sure that it runs smoothly. These resources may be put to better use in attending to Amazon’s core activities such as product fulfilment. Figure 6 shows the reverse logistics procedure of Amazon. Figure 6: Amazon’s Reverse Logistics Process We would recommend that Amazon considers in outsourcing its reverse logistics to a third-party reverse logistics provider. There are certain factors Amazon will have to take into consideration if an outsourcing strategy is to be chosen (Rao, 1994). These factors are as follows: Amazon has to see if it is a company that handles a large inventory. Amazon has to see what the characteristics of the products that they offer. Amazon should look into the level of required customer service that has to be offered. Amazon should see if reverse logistics is considered to be a core activity in the company. We have answered these questions to see if our recommendation is appropriate for Amazon to consider. The number of products that they handle is unimaginable and they receive countless amounts of orders per day. For example, Amazon. com just finished its 13th Christmas season in 2007 and December 10th of 2007 was the busiest day with customers ordering more than 5. 4 million items on that day, which is 62. items per second (Chaffey, 2008). Therefore it is inevitable there would have been a large number of returns. Even their vision states that they want to offer customers anything they might want by having Earth’s biggest selection of products. The characteristics of the products that Amazon handles vary considerably. They handle products of different shapes and sizes. Larger items would take up valuable space. Amazon will have to offer good customer service to its buyers. If customers have a difficult experience when returning products and do not get a quick response, they may end up being dissatisfied and etaining first time buyers at Amazon may prove to be a failure. After analysing the company more closely, we realized that Amazon is more interested in getting the products to their customers in the most efficient manner. Therefore forward logistics could be considered to be a core activity with the company but is not the case for reverse logistics. After answering these questions, outsourcing their reverse logistics seems to be the best option as Amazon could then focus on their core activities. Bibliography Saunders. R (2001) Amazon. com way – Secrets of the world’s most astonishing web business, Capstone Bezos, Jeff (1998) A Bookstore By Any Other Name, viewed 20 March 2008, commonwealthclub. org/archive/98/98-07bezos-speech. html Jens, C. , Peter, M (2003) The Industrial Dynamics of the New Digital Economy, Edward Elgar Publishing Hof, R. (1999) Whats With All the Warehouses? , viewed 18 March 2008, ; businessweek. com/1999/99_44/b3653046. htm; Ordering from merchants, viewed 26 March 2008, ; amazon. com/gp/help/customer/display. html? nodeId=537794; Choen, S. Roussel, J. (2004) Strategic supply chain management, McGraw-Hill Julie, A. , Sokol Robert, J. Thomas (2004) State of the art, viewed 27 March 2008, ; accenture. com/Global/Research_and_Insights/Outlook/By_Alphabet/StateOfTheArt. htm; Rao, K. , and Young, R. R. (1994) Global supply chains: Factors influencing outsourcing of logistics functions. International journal of physical distribution and logistics management. Vol. 24. No. 6. Chaffey, D (2008) Amazon. com case study, viewed 20 March 2008, ; davechaffey. com/E-commerce-Internet-marketing-case-studies/Amazon-case-study;

Micro & Macroeconomics and their impact on daily life Essay

Micro & Macroeconomics and their impact on daily life - Essay Example The term ‘micro’ has been derived from the Greek word ‘mikros’ which literally means small. Thus Microeconomics studies economic actions and behavior of individual units and small groups of individual units. Hence, Microeconomics engages in microscopic study of the economy and seeks to determine the mechanism by which different economic units attain their positions of equilibrium, proceeding from individual units to narrowly defined groups. In a modern economy Microeconomic theories and postulates play a very significant role in understanding economic behavior of rational units of an economy. Operation of an economy: Microeconomics explains how a free enterprise operates and functions. Most economies of the world are mixed economies consisting of both public and private sector enterprises where the private sector is much larger than the public sector. Microeconomics explains how a market economy with millions of customers and producers decides the allocation of scarce productive resources among millions of goods. Efficient use of scarce resources: One of the principal problems faced by every economy is to ensure efficient employment of scarce resources between competing ends. Microeconomics helps to understand the mechanisms involved in this regard and assists policy makers to take rational decisions that would achieve economic growth with stability. Economic welfare: The whole structure of welfare economics is built upon the Microeconomic theory of Perfect Competition since maximization of economic welfare is possible only under Perfect Competition.

IT Systems Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

IT Systems Strategy - Essay Example Many organisations continue to invest heavily on information technologies with the aim of increasing the effectiveness of their operations and information systems. However, technology tools alone cannot be used to address discordant organizational information structures. According to Petrides (2004) such technology-focused problem solving strategies may in fact do the opposite, which is to prevent organisations from successfully capitalizing on their use of technology because they tend to overlook organisation-wide symptoms. One major area that the above strategies fail to capture is the information tacitly held by employees that is critical yet rarely documented. Knowledge is universally recognized as the most important strategic asset that an organisation has. The challenge though is that knowledge cannot be managed directly. According to Streatfield and Wilson in Henczel (2000) only the information about the knowledge possessed by people in organisations can be managed. This i s why the need for information auditing becomes critical. Good information management an essential prerequisite to knowledge management. Information audit will therefore be the first step in developing a knowledge management strategy or improving the strategy that Primark Stores Limited may already have to ensure that the organization is managing the knowledge it needs to manage to remain competitive and successful. There is no universally accepted definition of an information audit. According to the Association for Information Management in the UK, an information audit is â€Å"the systematic evaluation of information use, resources and flows, with a verification by reference to both people and existing documents in order to establish the extent to which they are contributing to an organisation’s objectives (Henczel, 2000, p.215)†. With regard to purpose, the information audit process will enable Primark Stores Limited to achieve the following four key functions: (1 ) to identify Primark’s information needs and assign each of these needs their level of strategic importance; (2) to discover and classify the resources and services currently provided to meet Primark’s information needs; (3) to map information flows within Primark and between Primark and its suppliers, buyers and rivals; and (4) to analyse inefficiencies, duplications or gaps and areas of over-provision so as to detect where changes need to be made. By fulfilling these functions, an information audit will enable Primark track and identify each resource and service that supports organizational objectives. The audit will also allow Primark to rate each resource according to its strategic significance. In which case, the information audit could be structured to include an examination of IT tools that can aid effective information management. At the corporate or strategic level, the results of an information audit will provide a knowledge base that can be used for making management decisions about information sources, identify strategic information needs via information needs assessment and can be used as the basis for formulating an organisational information policy. The Financial Director of Primark Stores Limited needs to understand that an information audit reflects the organisation in its entirety and how it works. The process is, preferably, conducted by an independent team so as to

Consider East Africa and its extensive trade route. Why is it Essay

Consider East Africa and its extensive trade route. Why is it important What does it say about the impact of Africa in the world What does it say about ancient Africa Pick your one focus, go deep - Essay Example Aksum and the Swahili Coast were the first to be mentioned as the important trade regions. The coast of East Africa is a part of extensive trade networks throughout the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean. Aksum was located in Eritrea and Ethiopia. It is remembered for its splendid stone monuments, gold coins, and elaborate palaces (Ade-Ajayi 80). In the sixth century, the Aksumite kings extended their empire to the southern Arabia. International trade developed in that region where markets were established in urban areas concentrated along the coast regions full of wealth and power. The merging of Arab, African and Indian peoples along the coast of East Africa produced Kiswahili language and Swahili culture. Ivory, gold and slaves were the goods that were traded globally along the Swahili coast. The negative effect of the existence of the East African trade route was the slave trade. The slave trade was conducted by both Europeans and Arabs. European slave traders came in the 17th century, taking the African slaves into the islands of America and Indian Ocean. The slave trade in Africa caused social disruptions among people, depopulation of certain regions, and increasing of violence, as a result, of firearms trade (Ade-Ajayi 85). The slave trade ended later resulted to a justification for European colonizing the East Africa. Europeans began exploring East Africa in the 15th century. Vasco de Gama and other Portuguese explorers started the connection between the Europe and African Coast that later lead to centuries of trade and domination of Africa by Europeans. Other explorers came later including Christian missionaries. When the slave trade was deemed as illegal, Europeans had engaged into other types of trade (Ade-Ajayi 89). The industrial revolution in Europe needed cheap raw materials for its factories in which East African colonies provided large quantities of agricultural goods,

The Structure Of British Airways Management Essay

The Structure Of British Airways Management Essay British Airways is the largest international airline in the United Kingdom and is assigned in the operation of international and domestic carriage of cargo and mail, and the auxiliary services The British Airways Group comprises of British Airways, British Airways Holidays Limited, BA Connect Limited, Deutsche BA, and British Asia Airways, amongst others. Since privatization in 1987, British Airways have persisted to develop as competition in the market becoming the worlds first airline to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to let passengers to print online boarding passes. Structure of British Airways: As explained British airways flat structure encourages the company to have a corporate culture which can be described by applying the McKinsey 7S s model which includes Staff, Skills, Style, Shared Values, Systems and Structure and strategy. Before the privatization, British Airways had a more formalized bureaucratic structure with rules and procedures, as a result of its size and its activities. But a main change in the last years has been the decrease of its management levels and it now has a formal structure with responsibilities across different functions. Therefore the structure of British Airways is flat type because it has only one level of hierarchy that separates managing directors at the top of bottom-line employees. The organization has segregated management-level positions into ten departments and each department has own subordinates. British airways structure is shown in figure 2 in which its departments include Planning, Investment Alliances, Commerce, Ground Operation, Engineering, Flight Operation, IT, Finance, Law, and Human Resource. (British Airways, 2010) Figure 2: British airways organization structure, (British airways 2010) Description: Management structure diagram Sources: www.britishairways.com However market influences created a leaner, structure at the top of the management. As illustrated in figure 1, British Airways have a flat hierarchical structure that needs them to cooperate within all the levels of as strategic where the board of directors take a decision on the long term objective the information which flows to the managers in the tactical who furnishes the information to the operational level and the operational level (front office staff, flight stewards etc.) drives the data into meaningful messages to be operated conveniently and efficiently. Culture of British Airways: Mission Statement:                   To be the most exclusive and first choice airline for all airline travelers We recommend a new mission statement after a consultation process involving our group members. The mission statement can replace an existing statement, which had been drawn up in 1997 in the run-up to privatization, and many employees have received training in its meaning for their particular jobs. Their mission statement clearly shows that in every persons mind the first thing to come from traveling by air should be British Airways. Whatever it is called, a vision, mission or strategic intent, its purpose is to provide a guiding light for the future. Companies without a mission are prone to opportunistic. A unifying mission is especially important in large companies where staff and managers are expected to take decisions themselves, without constant referral back to headquarters or to their seniors. Aims: British Airways is to become the worlds first global airline Objectives: Like all businesses one of their objectives was to maximize profits however after September 11th they had to change their aim of having an increase in   security as this was the main issue globally and they needed to keep their customers safe after the horrific terrorism attacks in the USA. Objective:    To increase security to combat terrorism Specific To increase security for the safety of passengers and staff Measurable Hand luggage of passengers was reduced to a plastic bag, stop and search was also put into place and metal detectors as well as a regular anti-terrorism drills Achievable More security staff will be in place and they have the finances to do so. Realistic This objective is realistic as terrorism is a threat and they also have the finances to do so to ensure that all passengers and staff are fully protected. Objective: To increase profits by the end of the tax year 2009 Culture: The organizational structure of a company reflects its culture, its management style and its leader attitude in addition to the environment in which it has to operate. . British Airways have a more formalized structure with precise rules and procedures, due to its size and the global scope of its activity. A major change in the last years has been the reduction of its management layers, between the chief executive and the front line who interface with customers, from nine to five. It now has a small ad hoc group working in parallel with the formal structure, with responsibilities that cut across different functions, or in any case duplicated these functions. Corporate culture The organizational culture consists of the deep basic assumptions, beliefs, values and norms which are shared by members of an organization, arise from the organizations history and tradition and are modified by contemporary events. Management style and leadership at British Airways As clearly stated above, British airways had been bureaucratically, between functions and hierarchies. It has changed to a style of employees empowerment. This means management gets help from employees outside the formal structure and across functions. British Airways used to have a more autocratic style but at the moment company is delegating responsibility directly to key individuals. The management at all levels mutually responsive to relationships created with customers and stakeholders. In other words company is experiencing democratic leadership style. Interrelationships of functions with processes: The business process is a collection of interrelated activities and tasks that will create a service as well as products for the consumers of business. There are three types of business processes involve in British airways and they are management process, operation process and supporting processes. The management process of British Airways is all about the operation of a system which includes the strategic management and the corporate governance. Strategic planning in management process is very important because it includes business plans, risk assessment, risk management, financial objectives, management responsibility, continuity planning, quality control, IT threat, contingency plan, disaster recovery, and fulfillment. Operations: Another type is the operational process which is the most essential among all the types of the business processes. It generally comprises the core business of British airways which is transporting passengers fast, safely and comfortably. In addition to this, it also generates the primary value stream. Purchasing, sales, manufacturing and marketing functions are usually included in its operational process. These three types of business processes of British airways have their own distinctive attributes which add value to its service delivery process. SUPPORT ACTIVITIES FIRM INFRASTRUCTURE Structured hierarchy permits BA to build a massive amount of specialist knowledge in order to get a competitive advantage over economized firms. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Invested in the expansion of customer service training in 2007 drawing attention of the best employees. Speak Up view survey persuades employees to offer feedback (British Airways, 2008). TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT BA has included value in this group over smaller companies by reason of lack of resources that can be employed to create the service in an innovative way. (e.g. Individual LCD screens). PROCUREMENT As a result of the size and chronological business relationships and alliances, BA is able to influence suppliers and during economies of scale make efficiencies where competitors may fall short. PRIMARY ACTIVITIES: INBOUND LOGISTICS: Stock Control High quality training given by City the Guilds (British Airways, 2008). A continuous relationship with suppliers (e.g. Gate Gourmet. OUTBOUND LOGISTICS: Customer Service Large database of airport slots facilitates passengers to contact the majority of destinations from preferred airport. MARKETING SALES Marketing communications to all stakeholders. Brand consenting to for large budget to be spent in this field. POST SALE SERVICE The loyalty club card is offered. Bringing up to date communication on other services Interrelationship between the processes and functions of British Airways British Airways is one of the worlds largest aviation companies. Its portfolio of aviation transportation in which it is a global leader in air transportation The companys aviation operation and extensive airplanes of growth projects are located in all over the world, South America, Australia, North America and Asia. The purpose of the organization is to set out in a mission statement. To be the leading global aviation company through the operational excellence of world class assets in the most attractive commodities and a resolute commitment to safe and sustainable air transportation. In 2008 there was a downturn in world economic activity. This resulted from a loss of confidence in the world financial system. The downturn has led to a steep fall in aviation travelling prices such as airfares. By late 2009 these prices started to rise again as demand for aviation transportation increased. Sustainability Although Airline companies are affected by changes in economic activity, aviation is a long-term investment business. Firms like British Airways have to take a long term view of the business. This involves creating more routes which is a sustainable way over a long period of time. The company focuses on those routes in which it has a favorable position. It concentrates on various routes where sales of air tickets will be possible for many years into the future. It also looks at aviation projects where costs can be kept to a minimum but where there are opportunities to expand operations. There are several issues of sustainability facing British Airways. Key ones are: Securing energy supplies, such as airplanes and resources including fuels, for the future Managing emissions to minimize harm. British Airways uses large quantities of energy in its operations. It also generates the potential for energy, e.g. by purchasing the very latest planes which are eviromental friendly. A key aim of the company therefore is to do more with less. It must achieve maximum efficiency with minimum waste. British Airways believes that by operating in innovative and socially responsible ways it can do things better than its rivals. Doing things better in business is referred to as competitive advantage. Social responsibilities are those duties to all the stakeholders of a business, not just the shareholders. Embedded within social responsibility is the concept of sustainable development. Sustainable development involves using resources so that: Resources are available to meet the needs of people now Resources can be available to future generations The needs of the natural environment are respected. The success of British Airways is the best value comfort service provides for its passengers. And to build up this solid foundation in the marketplace, British airways utilizes its resources effectively and efficiently. In that manner operations management of British Airways plays an important role in transforming inputs (labor, capital, equipment, land, buildings, materials and information) into outputs (goods and services) that offer superior value to customers.

Analysis of Much Ado About Nothing Essay -- William Shakespeare Plays

Analysis of Much Ado About Nothing Much Ado About Nothing illustrates a kind of deliberately puzzling title that seems to have been popular in the late 1590s (ex "As You Like It"). Indeed, the play is about nothing; it follows the relationships of Claudio and Hero (which is constantly hampered by plots to disrupt it), and in the end, the play culminates in the two other main characters falling in love (Beatrice and Bena*censored*), which, because it was an event that was quite predictable, proves to be "much ado about nothing". The pronunciation of the word "nothing" would, in the late 16th Century, have been "noting," and so the title also apparently suggests a pun on the word, "noting," and on the use of the word "note" as an expression of music. In Act two, scene two ,Balthasar is encouraged to sing, but declines, saying, "note this before my notes; there’s not a note of mine that’s worth the noting." (53-54) However, Don Pedro retorts, "Note notes, forsooth, and nothing," playing on Balthasar’s words, and also demanding that he pay attention to his music and nothing else. In addition, much of the play is dedicated to people "noting" (or observing) the actions of others (such as the trick played on Beatrice and Bene*censored* by Leonato, Hero and Claudio); they often observe and overhear one another, and consequently make a great deal out of very little. Author The political and cultural events of the 15 century had a large influence on Shakespeare’s work. In Much Ado About Nothing, Don Pedro, Prince of Arragon, Don John, his brother, Borachio his servant, Bene*censored*, a young lord, and Claudio his best friend are all returning from war, and have been invited to stay with Leonato for a month. Shakespeare's antagonist Don John, bears much resemblance to Don John of Austria, the illegitimate son of Charles V, half-brother to the King of Aragon who defeated the Turks at Lepanto and returned to Messina after his victory in October of 1571. Don Jo hn of Austria had many of the qualities that Shakespeare's Don John did, he was not on good terms with his brother, and although he tried with much effort to gain status, he was frequently humiliated in attempts to bring himself fame. Shakespeare was known to draw parallels between his characters and actual historical figures, in an attempt to produce a sort abstract history of the times (ex... ... if he does see Hero in another man’s arms, that he will publicly shame her at their wedding tomorrow. Later that evening, Claudio witnesses the encounter between "Hero" (who is really Margret and Borachio. The day after, Claudio publicly accuses Hero in adultery and refuses to marry her. Hero is shocked so much that she faints during that scene. So, "the love from the first sight", between Claudio and Hero has been destroyed so easily; only by a scene set up by Don John. Only selfishness is seen in this speech. Claudio publicly accuses Hero in cheating on him without trying to talk to her first. And even if she did cheat on him, why would he want to hurt her so much? This aspect presents the fact that he probably loves himself, but not Hero. It’s easy then, to doubt whether the love was ever real between the two characters characters. Why did it take so little effort to influence them? Bibliography Sources Buckler, John; Hill, Bennet D.; McKay, John P.; A History of Western Society; pgs 485-562; Houghton Miffin Company; 1999 Hieatt, A. Kent; William Shakespeare; Encarta 98; 1998 Shakespeare, William; Much Ado About Nothing; Bantam Books; New York, New York; 1993

What Being American Meant In 1780

In 1780, the notion of being American meant different things depending on one’s identity. To Thomas Jefferson, among the architects of the new nation, it meant deserving one’s liberty, and he believed that certain people were ill-suited for what he considered the demands of an enlightened society.In particular, he believed blacks and whites could never coexist because of slavery’s legacy, citing: â€Å"Deep-rooted prejudices entertained by whites [and] ten thousand recollections, by the blacks, of the injuries they have sustained† (Binder, 1968, p.  55-56). In addition, he considered them intellectually inferior.He considered America an improvement over other nations, and while he felt ambivalent about slavery and sympathetic toward blacks, he did not envision a multiracial America. For poet Phyllis Wheatley, an African-American who spent years in slavery and lived in poverty, being an American meant barriers and contradictions based on race. Wheatley, w hose poetry Jefferson thought â€Å"below the dignity of criticism† (Robinson, 1982, pp.42-43), was well aware of America’s racial contradictions (a nominally free nation which still embraced slavery) but nonetheless asked white America for tolerance and acceptance. In â€Å"On being Brought from Africa to America,† the narrator is optimistic about America and grateful for being part if it – â€Å"’Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land† – but also admits, â€Å"Some view our sable race with scornful eye, /’There colour is a diabolic die’† (Robinson, 1975, p. 60). However, her closing appeal is not for liberty and full equality, but simply a reminder that blacks can at least be equal as Christians, in God’s eyes.To Jefferson, part of America’s elite, being American meant freedom for those who met his standards, while Wheatley, aware of America’s racial situation, makes an appeal for at least spiritual equality. Being American meant being free – though race was used as a means of denying freedom to all. REFERENCES Binder, F. M. (1968). The Color Problem in Early National America. Paris: Mouton. Robinson, W. H. (1975). Phyllis Wheatley in the Black American Beginnings. Detroit: Broadside Press. Robinson, W. H. (1982). Critical Essays of Phyllis Wheatley. Boston: G. K. Hall and Company

Critique of Centesimus Annus

I. Synopsis of the Pope's Encyclical Centesimus Annus, written by Pope John Paul II, commemorates and praises Pope Leo XIII's â€Å"Of New Things† (Rerum Novarum) written in 1891. Even after a hundred years, it still hasn't lost its vital influence. It is meant to honor the Church's â€Å"social doctrine† which had come from it. We should go through it once more so as to rediscover the wisdom behind the basic principles on how we should deal with the workers' condition. We should also look into the future to reawaken our responsibility, to proclaim the truth, and to communicate the life which is Christ. We should look at our own â€Å"new things† to bring forth in the Church's tradition, both â€Å"new† and â€Å"old† from the Lord's treasure. â€Å"Old† refers to defending the human person, protecting human dignity, building a more just society, and fighting injustice. â€Å"New† is analyzing recent history in order to understand the new requirements of evangelization. Chapter I – Characteristics of â€Å"Rerum Novarum† Towards the end of the last century, a new form of property had emerged – capital; and a new form of labor – labor for wages. Labor for wages was mainly profit- and efficiency-driven, rather giving high regard to the workers' sex, age or family situation. Human labor had become a commodity which could be freely bought and sold in the market, in accordance with the law of supply and demand. Workers were threatened by unemployment and lack of society security — leading to their starvation. Society has been divided into two classes. One promotes total economic freedom by appropriate laws while the other leans toward an organized and violent form of political and social structure. When people started to realize the injustice of the situation and a socialist revolution threatened to break out, Pope Leo XIII intervened by writing a document dealing with the systematic approach on the â€Å"condition of the workers†. Society was torn by the conflict between capital and labor — the worker question. The Pope wanted to restore peace, so he condemned class struggle. He formulated a doctrine regarding the Church's stand on specific human situations — both individual and communal, national and international. However, not all readily accepted the Church's right and duty in doing so. Many still believe that the Church should restrict itself to otherworldly salvation. The Pope's letter put the Church in a â€Å"citizenship status† amidst the changing realities of public life. The Church's social teaching is an essential part of the Christian message and there can be no genuine solution to the â€Å"social question† apart from the Gospel. Pope Leo XIII affirmed the dignity of work and the rights and dignity of workers, who work hard for self-preservation and for attaining their various needs. Work belongs to the vocation of every person by which one can realize oneself. Pope Leo XIII also stressed the right to â€Å"private property† — land ownership. Everyone has the right to possess things necessary for his and his family's development. Pope Leo XIII's letter affirms other undeniable rights such as the â€Å"natural human right† to form private or professional associations like trade unions. The Pope also acknowledges the limit on working hours, the right to legitimate rest, and the right of children and women to be treated differently with regard to the type and duration of work. He wrote of the right to a just wage that would be sufficient to support the worker and his family. This right cannot be left to the free consent of the parties. The Pope spoke of â€Å"distribute justice† whereby the public authority has the â€Å"strict duty† of providing for the workers' welfare, especially that of the poor because they have no other means apart from what they earn. He also affirms the right of the working class to fulfill their religious duties freely and avail of Sunday rest. Pope Leo XIII criticizes â€Å"socialism† and â€Å"liberalism.† Against socialism, he reaffirms the right to private property. As for liberalism, he states that the State should neither favor the rich nor neglect the poor. The defenseless and the poor have a claim to special consideration. The richer class can help itself while the poor have no resources of their own to do so and depend heavily on the State's assistance. This still applies today, with the new forms of poverty in the world. It does not depend on any ideology or political theory, but on the principle of solidarity, valid in the national and international order. Leo XIII calls it â€Å"friendship†, Pius XI calls it â€Å"social charity†; Paul VI, extending it even further, speaks of a â€Å"civilization of love.† In line with the Church's â€Å"preferential option for the poor,† Pope Leo XIII calls upon the State to intervene and remedy the condition of the poor. Though he does not expect the State to solve every social problem. The individual, family, and society should be protected by it and not be repressed by it. The point highlighted by Pope Leo XIII's encyclical and the Church's social doctrine is a correct view of the human person. God has imprinted man in his own image and likeness. Man's rights come from his dignity as a person, and not from the work he performs. Chapter II – Towards the â€Å"New Things† of Today The events of 1989 and 1990 proved that Pope Leo XIII's perception on the consequences of â€Å"real socialism† are accurate — that the worker would be the first to suffer, that it would distort the role of the state and create utter confusion in the community. Socialism considers the individual person as a mere molecule within the social organism to which he is completely subordinated. Man is no longer free to make a moral decision independently. This makes it difficult to realize his personal dignity and build a human community. The Christian vision is different: the social nature of a person is not totally fulfilled in the State, but is realized in various intermediary groups, beginning with the family and expands to include economic, social, political and cultural groups. Denial of God would mean complete disrespect for human dignity. The Pope does not intend to condemn every possible form of social conflict since such conflict is inevitable. However, Christians must take a stand in the â€Å"struggle for social justice.† He condemns â€Å"total war† — which has no respect for the dignity of others and of oneself. It attempts to dominate one's own side using any (and often reasonable) means to destroy the other side. Thus, class struggle in the Marxist sense and militarism have atheism and contempt for the human being as their common root. Rerum Novarum is against any form of State control that would reduce the citizen into a mere â€Å"cog† in the State machine. It is also opposed to a state that is not interested in the economic sector. The State has to determine the judicial framework to conduct economic affairs, so that the interests of one group do not overrule another. Society and the State should take the responsibility in protecting the workers against unemployment by establishing policies that would ensure the workers' balanced growth and full employment. They must protect the vulnerable immigrants and the marginalized from exploitation. â€Å"Humane† working hours and adequate leisure need to be guaranteed, along with the right to express one's own personality without sacrificing one's conscience or personal dignity. The State must try to achieve these goals in accordance with the principles of subsidiarity and solidarity. Indirectly by subsidiarity — by creating favorable conditions for the free exercise of economic activity; directly by solidarity — by defending the weakest and ensuring the necessary minimum support for the unemployed. The encyclical and the subsequent social teaching of the Church influenced numerous reforms in the years bridging the 19th and 20th centuries. Reforms were carried out partly by States and achieved through workers' movements which include Christians who established the producers', consumers', and credit cooperatives and promoted general education, professional training, and new forms of participation in the life of the workplace and society. Lack of respect for human dignity led to the tragic wars which ravaged Europe and the world between 1914 and 1945. Hatred and resentment built on injustices on the international level made these cruel wars possible. Though weapons have remained silent in Europe since 1945, true peace, which entails the removal of the causes of war and genuine reconciliation between people, has not yet been achieved. Half of Europe fell under a Communist dictatorship, while the other half is trying to defend itself. They use science and technology for creating instruments of war. Power alliances fought and caused enormous bloodshed in different places. Extremist groups got themselves armed; those in favor of peaceful solutions remained isolated or fell as victims. Following World War II, Third World countries became militarized. Terrorism spread and the whole world was threatened by an atomic war. Though new ideas about peace and war started to stir people's consciences, the threat of Communist totalitarianism distracted people's attention and provoked different responses. Some countries made a positive effort to rebuild a democratic society inspired by social justice. Others set up systems of â€Å"national security† opposing Marxism, but risked destroying the very freedom and values of the person for which they are defending. Another response came from the affluent/consumer society, which seeks to defeat Marxism by showing how a free market society can achieve a greater satisfaction of material human needs than Communism, while equally overlooking spiritual values. â€Å"Decolonization† became widespread. These countries, however remained in the hands of large foreign companies which are not committed to the development of the host country. They lack competent leadership that would be able to successfully integrate all tribal groups into genuine national communities. The horrors of the WWII and a lively sense of human rights led to the formation of the United Nations Organization. Deeper awareness on the rights of individuals and the rights of nations shifted the focus of the social question from the national to the international level. But UN has yet to establish effective means for resolving international conflicts. Chapter III – The Year 1989 In the 1980's, oppressive regimes fell in Latin America, Africa, and Asia mainly due to the violation of workers' rights — the oppressed working people recovered and rediscovered the principles of the Church's social teaching. A second factor in this crisis was due to the technical inefficiency of the economic system which spans violation in both cultural and national dimension. We can understand a human being more completely when we place him within the cultural context — through language, history, and the position he takes towards the fundamental life events. When these differences are overlooked, the culture and moral life of nations deteriorate. The main cause of this collapse was the reaction of the younger generations to the spiritual void brought by atheism. The youth did not find any sense of direction until they rediscovered the roots of their national culture and the person of Christ. Marxism promised to uproot the need for God from the human heart, throwing the heart into confusion. The struggle which led to the changes of 1989 were born of prayer. Humankind, created for freedom, bears the wound of original sin, which draws persons to evil and puts them in constant need of redemption. This shows that the human person tends towards good but is also capable of evil. We must not confuse political society with the Kingdom of God. It is only God who will do the Final Judgment. The Kingdom of God, being â€Å"in† the world without being â€Å"of† the world, throws a light on society, calling everyone, especially the laity, to infuse human reality with the Gospel. The Church encountered a workers' movement that had been partly under the dominance of Marxism for almost a century. Workers found their consciences, in their demand for justice and recognition of the dignity of work, in conformance to the Church's social teaching. The crisis of Marxism does not rid the world of the injustices on which it thrived. To those looking for a new theory, the Church offers her teaching, as well as her concrete commitment and material assistance in the struggle against marginalization and suffering. Beyond an impossible compromise between Marxism and Christianity, the Church reaffirms integral human liberation with consequences important for the countries of the Third World, searching for their own path to development. The second consequence concerns the European people. Many individual, social, regional and national injustices were committed during the Communism years; thus there is great risk that such conflicts would re-occur. We need to unite international structures that would mediate the conflicts between nations and reach for a peaceful settlement. A patient material and moral reconstruction is necessary. The fall of Marxism and the end of the world's division highlight our interdependence. Peace and prosperity belong to the whole human race and cannot be achieved if attained at the cost of other people and nations. The real post-war period had just begun in some countries in Europe. Their predicament was brought about by the tragic situation imposed upon them. The countries responsible for that situation owe them a debt in justice. This need should not diminish the willingness to sustain and assist the countries of the Third World, which often suffer even more. Priorities have to be redefined. Enormous resources could be mobilized by disarming the huge military machines built by East and West for conflict. These resources could become even more abundant if we found a way of resolving conflicts peacefully. A change of mentality is necessary — wherein the poor is no longer seen as a burden but instead as people seeking to share the right in enjoying material goods and make good use of their capacity for work so that we can create a just and prosperous world for all. Development must be understood as something fully human, not as something merely material. Its main purpose is the enhancement of everyone's capacity to respond to God's call. Recognition of the rights of the human conscience serves as the foundation of truly free political order. We must reaffirm this principle for the following reasons: some dictatorships have not yet been overcome; in the developed countries, the promotion of and demand for instant gratification devalue respect for human rights and values; and in some countries, new forms of religious fundamentalism deny minority groups their rights to know and live the truth. Chapter IV – Private Property and the Universal Destination of Material Goods The Church teaches that the possession of material goods is not an absolute right, and that there are certain limits to that right. Man should not consider material possessions as his own but as common to all. Private property also has a social function based on the law of the common purpose of goods. Access to work and land serves as the basis of every human society. In the past, the earth was the primary factor of wealth; today, the role of human work has become an important factor for producing nonmaterial and material wealth. Work â€Å"with† and â€Å"for† others depends largely on insight into the productivity of the earth and knowledge of our human needs. Today, the possession of know-how, technology, and skill have become as important as land. The wealth of industrialized nations is based more on the ownership of technology than on possession of natural resources. Another important source of wealth is the ability to foresee the needs of others and satisfy those needs. This often requires the cooperation of many people working towards a common goal. Skills in organizing, planning, timing, and management are also sources of wealth. The role of discipline, creativity, initiative, and entrepreneurial ability, is evident. This process reaffirms the stand of Christianity: next to the earth, humanity's principal resource is the person himself. Once the decisive factor of production was land; then it was capital; now it is the human being. Many are faced with the impossibility of acquiring the needed knowledge to take their place in the working world. They are exploited or marginalized and they cannot keep up with new forms of production and organization. In their quest for wealth, they flock towards Third World cities only to find that there is no room for them. Sometimes, there are even attempts to eliminate them through population control. Many others struggle to earn a bare minimum in inhumane conditions. Those cultivating land are excluded from land ownership and are practically slaves with no land, no material goods, no knowledge, no training. Some development programs have been set up, and the countries that managed to gain access to the international market in this way have suffered less from stagnation and recession than those who isolated themselves. Those who fail to keep up with the times — such as the elderly, the women, and the youth – are often marginalized. They are incapable of finding their place in society and are classified as part of the so-called Fourth World. The free market appears to be the most efficient tool for utilizing resources and responding to needs. But this holds true only for those who have the purchasing power and who those whose resources are marketable. Justice and truth demand that basic human needs should be met and that none should be left to die. The possibility of surviving and making a contribution to the common good is something which is due to the person as a person. In the Third World context, Pope Leo XIII's objectives are yet to be met. Trade unions and other worker's organizations find here a wide range of opportunities for commitment and effort for the sake of justice. It is right to speak of a struggle against an unjust economic system that does not uphold the priority of the human being over capital and land. The alternative to it is not a socialist system that leads to state capitalism, but a society with free work, enterprise, and participation that is in favor of a market which guarantees the basic needs of the whole society. Profit is a regulator of the life of a business but is not the sole indicator of a firm's condition. There are other equally important factors to be considered — such as human and moral factors. After the fall of â€Å"real socialism†, capitalism is not the only economic alternative left. Individuals and nations need the basic things to enable them to share in development. Stronger nations must assist weaker ones, weaker nations must use the opportunities offered. Foreign debts affect these efforts. The principle that debts should be paid remains, but should not be asked for at the cost of the hunger and at the price of unbearable sacrifice of the people. There is the need to lighten, defer, or even cancel the debts, to let people subsist and progress. In advanced economics, quality is more important than quantity — the quality of the goods to be produced and consumed, the quality of the services to be enjoyed, the quality of the environment and of life in general. Hence the phenomenon of consumerism arises. Appealing to human instinct only may create lifestyles and consumer attitudes that are damaging to spiritual and physical health. The educational and cultural formation of consumers and producers and of the mass media are urgently needed, as well as the intervention of public authority. An example of false consumption is drug abuse. This implies a serious malfunction in the social system, a destructive â€Å"reading† of human needs, and the idle filling of a spiritual void. Same is true with that of pornography and other exploitative consumerism. It is not wrong to want to improve our lives; it is wrong to seek a lifestyle which is presumably better when it is directed towards what one â€Å"has,† instead of what one â€Å"is.† Even the decision to invest in one way rather than another is a moral and cultural . Consumerism also raises the ecological issue. Humankind is consuming the resources of the earth and life in an excessive and disordered way, while neglecting the earth's own needs and God-given purpose. Humanity today must be conscious of its duties and obligations towards future generations. Aside from the concern on the destruction of our natural environment and the threat of extinction of our various animal species, we must also safeguard the moral conditions of our â€Å"human ecology†. We must use earth with respect to the original good purpose of which it was given by God. Urbanization and work can give rise to â€Å"structures of sin†. Courage and patience would be needed to destroy such structures and replace them with more authentic forms of community life. The first and fundamental structure for a â€Å"human ecology† is the family, founded on marriage, in which the mutual gift of self as husband and wife creates an environment in which children can be born and develop their potentialities, become aware of their dignity and prepare to face their unique and individual destiny. Too often life is considered to be a series of sensations rather than as something to be accomplished. The result is a lack of freedom to commit oneself to another person and to bring children into this world. This leads people to consider children as one of the many â€Å"things† which an individual can have or not have as they please. The family is sacred; it is the heart of the culture of life. The Church denounces the limitation, suppression or destruction of the sources life — including abortion, systematic anti-child-bearing campaigns, and chemical warfare. The State is responsible for defending and preserving the common goods such as natural and human environments. Relying on market forces alone will not suffice. Such mechanisms carry the risk of an â€Å"idolatry† of the market which ignores the existence of goods which are not just mere commodities. Marxism blamed capitalist societies for commercializing and alienating the human being. This censure is based on misconception of alienation — the remedy of which is collectivism, but this only further aggravated the situation. Alienation is still a reality in the West, because of consumerism, that does not help one appreciate one's authentic personhood and because of work, which shows interest only in profit, and none in the workers, considering them to be mere means. The way out of this deadlock is to reconsider the Christian vision of the human person and its â€Å"capacity for transcendence.† A human society is both alienated and alienating if its organization, production, and consumption make transcendence more difficult. A person who is concerned solely with possessing and enjoying and is no longer able to control his instincts and passions cannot be free, Obedience to the truth about God and humankind is the first condition of freedom. After the failure of Communism, should capitalism be the goal for Eastern Europe and the Third World? The answer is complex. If â€Å"capitalism† meant a market or free economy that recognizes the role of business, the market, private property, the resulting responsibility for the means of production, as well as free human creativity — then the answer is â€Å"yes.† If it meant a system in which economic, religious, and ethical freedom are denied, then the answer is â€Å"no.† Marxism failed, but marginalization and exploitation remain. The collapse of communism is not enough to change these conditions. A radically capitalist system might not even try to solve them. The Church has no models to offer as effective models only develop out of concrete situations. Instead, the Church offers its social teaching as an indispensable and ideal orientation. It insists on the right of workers to be respected and to be involved in the life of industrial enterprises so that, in a certain sense, they â€Å"work for themselves.† The relationship between private property and the universal destination of material wealth has to be reestablished. By means of his work a person commits himself, not only for his own sake but also for others and with others — their families, communities, nations, and, ultimately for all humanity. They collaborate with suppliers and customers in a continuously expanding chain of solidarity. Ownership is just if it serves a useful work; it is unjust when it is used to hinder others, or to break the solidarity among workers to gain profit. The obligation to earn one's bread presumes the right to do so. A society that denies this right cannot be justified, nor can it attain social peace. Chapter V – State and Culture Pope Leo XIII speaks of organizing a society whereby there is a balance of these three powers- legislative, executive, and judicial. Marxist-Leninism contradicted this by saying that people who have more knowledge than others should rule others in an absolute way. Totalitarianism rejected the authority of the Church and attempts to destroy her. By defending its own freedom, the Church also defended the human person. The Church values democracy and cannot encourage the formation of narrow ruling groups that would use the power of the State for their own intentions. Authentic democracy requires a State ruled by law, true education and formation, participation and shared responsibility. Democracy does not mean that there is no ultimate truth. The Church is aware of the danger of fanaticism and fundamentalism. Christian truth is not an ideology; it knows that human life is realized in history, and it always respects human freedom. Freedom attains its full development only by accepting the truth. The democratic ideal prevails today, so does the attention to human rights. That is why, we must stress the importance of these rights: the right to life, that of a child to develop in the mother's womb from the moment of conception, to live in a united family, to education, to work and support oneself and one's dependents, to establish a family freely, to have and to rear children, to live in the truth of one's faith. Not all these rights are being respected though, even in countries practicing democracy. Sometimes certain demands are not met for narrow opportunistic, electoral, or financial reasons. This leads to distrust and apathy and inability to see any issue within the framework of a coherent vision of the common good. Market economy cannot be run in an institutional, juridical, or political vacuum: the State has its role to play, guaranteeing personal freedom, a stable currency, and efficient public services. Lack of stability, corruption, improper ways of growing rich, and speculation hinder development and social order. The State has to intervene when monopolies hinder development; it can substitute its own services when certain sectors of business are too weak to render the services needed for the common good. Those interventions should only be brief so as to avoid removing from society and business tasks that belong to them. The â€Å"principle of subsidiarity† must be respected: â€Å"A community of a higher order should not interfere with the life of a community of a lower order, taking over its functions.† In case of need it should, rather, support the smaller community and help to coordinate its activity with activities in the rest of society for the sake of the common good. Not doing this leads to a loss of human energy, an increase of bureaucratic agencies, and an increase in costs. The Church has always been present and active among the needy, offering them material assistance in ways that neither humiliate nor reduce them to mere objects of assistance. To overcome today's individualistic mentality, a concrete commitment to solidarity and charity is necessary and this should begin in the family. The State should create social policies with family as their main focus — to assist the family with adequate resources for bringing up their children and looking after the elderly, thus strengthening the relations between generations. The culture of a nation is born, generation after generation, from the open search from truth. The heritage of values have always been challenged by the young — not in order to destroy or reject it, but to make it more real, relevant, and personal. When a culture becomes inward-looking, disregarding the truth about man, it is heading for its end. The first and foremost task for the adequate formation of a culture happens within a person's heart. Building one's own future depends on the understanding a person has of himself and of his own destiny. The Church contributes at this level to true culture, promoting peace, preaching how creation is placed in human hands to make it fruitful and more perfect, preaching how the Son of God saved and united us, making us responsible for all of mankind. Pope Benedict XV and his successors recognize the negative impact of war on people's lives and repeated the cry: â€Å"War, never again!†. Just as personal revenge has given way to the rule of law within states, so has the time come for a similar step to be taken at an international level, not forgetting that at the root of war and conflict there are usually serious grievances. Another name for peace is development. Together we are responsible for avoiding war; together we are responsible for promoting development. It should be possible to organize at an international level the kind of solid economy that is possible in an individual society. The poor-whether individuals or nations- need to be provided realistic opportunities. This calls for a concerted worldwide effort to promote development which may mean important changes in established lifestyles, limiting waste of environmental and human resources. It also means utilizing the new and spiritual responses of peoples who today are at the margin of the international community, thus enriching the family of nations. Chapter VI – The Human Being Is the Way of the Church The Church is not interested in imposing her own vision. Her sole purpose has been care and responsibility for the human person who has been entrusted to her by Christ. The human sciences and philosophy are helpful in explaining how this concrete person is involved in a complex network of relationships within modern times. Faith reveals our real identity. That is why the Church concerns itself with the rights of the individual, the working class, the family and education, the duties of the State, the ordering of national and international society, economic life, culture, war and peace, and respect for human life from conception till death. The Church receives â€Å"the meaning of the person† from Divine Revelation. The theological dimension is needed both for interpreting and solving present-day problems in human society. This is in contrast with both the â€Å"atheistic† solution, which deprives humankind of one of its basic dimensions and to permissive and consumerist solutions. In the Church's viewpoint, the social message of the Gospel must not be treated as a â€Å"theory† but rather a basis for action. Through time, this message has gained more credibility because of its logic and consistency. Love for others, and especially for the poor, is made concrete by promoting justice. It is not a matter of giving from one's own surplus, but of helping the entire people. This requires a change of lifestyle, a reorientation of ourselves and our organizations toward the whole of the human family. Today we are facing â€Å"globalization† of the economy which can create unusual opportunities for greater prosperity. It asks for effective international agencies to coordinate the powerful nations and take into account the weaker ones- which even the most powerful state on earth would not be able to do on its own. The gift of grace is needed, a newness that is experience by following Jesus. Faith not only helps people to find solutions; it makes even situations of suffering humanly bearable, so that in these situations people will not become lost or forget their dignity and vocation. The Church's social teaching should begin a practical and scientific dialogue at the crossroads where it meets the world as it is. Solving serious national and international problems in the world calls for specific ethical and religious values. This encyclical, while looking at the past, is directed towards the future. The intention is to prepare us for that moment, with God's help. II. What does the Pope's message mean to me By looking back at history, we can derive lots of valuable lessons and learn from our own mistakes as well as from the mistakes of others. In this new encyclical, the Holy Father provides us with reasons to hope in a modern society which would obey the Church' s social teachings. The Pope also gives us new reasons and motivation to further evangelize the world. In Centesimus Annus, two classes of society have been identified — one of which exercises total economic freedom by appropriate laws, and the other makes use of an organized and violent form of political and social structure. Pope Leo XIII criticizes â€Å"socialism† and â€Å"liberalism.† Against socialism, he reaffirms the right to private property. As for liberalism, he states that the state should neither favor the rich nor neglect the poor. The defenseless and the poor have a claim to special consideration. The State should exercise a â€Å"preferential option for the poor†. I think the best way would be something in between socialism and liberalism. This refers to exercising political intervention in market structures. The framework is such that in a free-market economic system, competition is allowed, but state intervention should come should the control of the market be deemed necessary for the benefit of the common good, i.e. provide the greatest utility for all. I agree with Pope John Paul II that the new source of economic wealth is no longer â€Å"land† nor â€Å"capital†. It is a combination of new skills and talents. These skills include the knowledge of new technologies, entrepreneurship, foreseeing and meeting others' needs, organizing, planning, and management. Such talents need be polished through discipline, creativity, initiative, and courage. With regards to Human Work, it can only be understood from a â€Å"personalist† point of view — through the exercise of man's free will and intellect. This brings dignity to work. Pope Leo XIII writes about the condition of workers: dignity of work, dignity of workers, right to private property, right to form private associations, limit on working hours, right to legitimate rest, right of children and women to fair treatment based on their capabilities, right to a just wage, distributive justice, and the right to fulfill religious duties freely It is true that man's rights come from his dignity as a person, and not from the work he performs. Work belongs to the vocation of every person by which one can realize oneself. It doesn't matter what type of work we perform as long as we do them with pride and conviction. On Family, I agree that it is the heart of the culture of life. The family is the real sanctuary of life. It is the fundamental structure for â€Å"human ecology†. It is from our family that we first learned of ideas about truth and goodness, what it means to love and be loved, and what it means to be a person. On Solidarity, it is a moral expression of our interdependence. It reminds us that we are one family regardless of race, nationality, and economic power. Pope Leo XIII also emphasized the value of quality of quantity. I think this argument is valid. It is of no use for a person to acquire so many goods if he cannot enjoy them for long because of their poor quality. It is of no meaning for a person to live for a very long time if his life is of no quality – he doesn't use it to his fullest to enhance his personal growth and the growth of his neighbors. Indeed, this encyclical has shared to us so many insights which are worth reflecting and applying to our daily lives. We must make the most of the teachings which our Church leaders has diligently compiled through time.